While Indian coolies were mainly transported inside British colonies, 250,000 to 500,000 Chinese coolies were imported from 1847-1874 to various British, French, Dutch and Spanish colonies in the Americas, Africa and Southeast Asia. Coolies, Shopkeepers, Pioneers: The Chinese of Mexico and Peru (1849–1930) Evelyn Hu-Dehart EVELYN HU-DEHART is a professor of history and director, Center for Studies of Ethnicity and Race in America (CSERA) at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 339, Boulder, CO, 80309. CHINESE BONDAGE IN PERU 157 des coolies sont victimes de rapts organisés par des bandes armées ; elles par-courent, policiers portugais en tête, le territoire de Macao, poussent des pointes en territoire chinois, prennent en course les jonques dans les eaux territoriales chinoises. Peru passed its law for importing the Chinese coolie in Nov 1849, and Australia imported 2,666 Chinese coolies from 1848 to 1852. In the case of Peru, the first Chinese immigrants came as indentured servants, called coolies, to replace the African slave population after the abolition of slavery around the 1850s.

Most people wouldn’t think of Peru as being a hub of Chinese work, but there are more than a million Chinese in the country, 200 thousand in Lima alone. This essay interprets Chilean accounts of a loyalty oath by Chinese coolies to the Chilean army during the War of the Pacific against a broader social history of Chinese agrarian resistance in Peru and military experience in China. Les compagnies achètent aux rabateurs 2 dollars environ le « volon- taire » livrable à bord. The essay argues During this twenty-seven year period, about 125,000 Chinese coolies were sent to Cuba. They came for work three generations ago when the abolition of slavery left a void in the workforce. Conference by Pierre-Emmanuel Roux, Senior Lecturer Head of the Korean Studies Section University Paris Diderot UFR Languages and civilizations of East Asia.

Some 250 000 Chinese coolies left for Cuba and Peru between the 1840 and 1870 years. Peru, the Pacific Islands, the West Indies, the North Africa countries, South Africa, and Australia had all engaged in the Chinese coolie slave trade. The French-controlled islands and the Spanish-controlled Philipines all imported the Chinese coolie from Amoy. An overview: Contracted labourers Working in Guano (seabird manure used as nitrogen fertilizer) mine, sugar and cotton plantations A substitute for African slaves Being treated no better than African slaves - Abuse - Racial discrimination Being often excluded by the host society,